“Hedda Gabler” by Henrik Ibsen and the 19th Century Marriage Essay Example for Free

Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen and the 19th Century Marriage EssayMarriage in the 19th century was a social and economic matter, rather than a matter of personal relationship. The morals of the era, including family morals, are often associated with the Victorian England, where they revealed themselves in the most ultimate and form, yet speci onlyy this kind of attitude towards labor union dominated through turn up Europe.The hypocrisy of the 19th century marriage, which caused count slight lives to be broken and countless people to be unhappy, exalt many prominent writers like Oscar Wild, Gustave Flaubert, Honore de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky to refer to the compositions of protest against such state of issues. Yet Henrik Ibsen is unique yet in this society, he concentrates on the named theatre in virtually every of his famous plays. One of those plays is Hedda Gabler first published in 1890.In this paper I ordain attempt to analyze Ibsens play in the cont ext of the XIX century marriage, as well as the effect the play itself had on the social perception of family ties. I will argue that Ibsen managed to demonstrate how frustrating a hypocritical marriage can be and what a disastrous consequences it can cause non only for the married women, but for every person involved in the relation. I will further argue that the play can be viewed as Ibsens constituent to change of the entire social idea of the place of a woman in a family. Ibsen himself wrote that The title of the play is Hedda Gabler.I intended to indicate thereby that as a personality she is to be regarded rather as her fathers daughter than as her husbands wife. Here Ibsen refers to the key problem of marriage in the 19th century. A woman has not played any independent role in it. She has always been viewed as belonging to some man, whether it is her father, brother or husband. Correspondingly, she had no opportunity to develop her own life and turned out to be a toy in th e hands of men, being entirely dependent on them in social and economic aspects . In Heddas case she is either a daughter of a general, or a wife of an academic.But what is worse, she is dependent not only socially, but up to now mentally. She does not seem to be very clever, yet this does not mean that she lacks character. At her first approach Ibsen stresses her picket and opaque face and that her steel-grey eyes express a cold, unruffled repose . She is no way a foolish maiden dreaming only of rich and careless life, throughout the play she often acts as a person of firm will, yet of a bad, or rather undeveloped character. This personal underdevelopment includes some(prenominal) narrow outlook and lack of moral principles.Perhaps she has been taught everything possible slightly morals, but a person of her type would rather act in irrelevant to imposed principles. Hedda really belongs to her husband and she is constantly reminded of that. This makes her desire for power even stronger, as she demonstrates more and more masculine features as the play develops. Unwilling to pick out the feminine stereotypes of behavior Hedda plays with her fathers pistols perhaps more to shock and confuse her family, because handling arms is surely not a proper thing for a young lady. Yet the play with the pistols is still comparatively innocent.It appears that Hedda plays her own plump for with the society. Her relatives treat her as an obedient toy, so Hedda starts using them as toys in turn. This is a game of arrogance and indifference. Hedda makes snobbish remarks to the surrounding people, insults Aunt Julies new hat. The game gradually becomes more and more dangerous, and ends with two suicides. It seems that in this game Hedda makes little difference between a hat and Lovborgs life. What the world has given to Hedda that Hedda returns to the world, and in case her dreams of luxurious existence are stoped, she can ruin the world in turn.The dependent position of a woman in marriage is naturally followed by another aspect of 19th century marriage restriction of a woman. Ibsen embodied this social barrier in the repeated delineation of a glass door. The barrier is easy to be removed or broken, which she nervously walks to, but which she never opens, dying inside the claustrophobic space of the house. A question might arise here why Hedda at all married Jorgen Tesman whom she never loved and whom she openly neglected? The most obvious answer is that Hedda was in need of money, since her fathers only heritage was a good name.Tesman was an grateful choice to her. He is considerably prosperous, his scientific prospects look perfectly, his name is noble, and, what is most important, his character is not very strong, so Hedda can easily control him. What is less obvious is Heddas desire to revenge Lovborg who failed to meet her hopes. Whether consciously or not, Hedda is making her way towards actual murder and suicide from the very beginning of the play. Although even in the 19th century the declared ground of marriage was love, Hedda cries to the Judge not to use this sickening word .She has crossed out her dreams of love and she does not want even to remember them. However, Hedda at least has an idea of love and passions, while her husband has none. As Hedda married Tesman of convenience, so Tesman did to Hedda. He is attracted both by her origin and by her beauty, while her death impresses him in a strange way Shot herself Shot herself in the temple Fancy that . This last word shows his real attitude. He never loved Hedda, and his primary concern was his own social position which he hoped to improve with a good marriage and an image of a beautiful wife.In fact there are no good or bad characters in the play, no victims and no executioners. Hedda is often doomed as a snobbish, mean-spirited, small-minded, conservative, cold, bored, vicious. Shes sexually eager but terrified of sex ambitious to be bohemian but frighten ed of scandal a do-or-die(a) romantic fantasist but unable to sustain any loving relationship with anyone, including herself . This all can be true, but other characters are not better. The canonical defect of the situation is that men and women surrounding Hedda are completely unable to see her as a personality outside of her social position.To the last they trust that Hedda would act in the accepted way, whether it is Tesman who views his wife as a pretty doll or Judge Brack who blackmails Hedda to enter into the family and probably force Hedda to a love affair believing that Hedda would act as a women in hopelessness, in other words obey . Brack is surprised with Heddas rebelliousness against the hold and asks Are you so unlike the generality of women as to have no turn for duties? . But what Hedda does not want to hear about are duties. In this company even Lovborg causes little compassion.An miserable alcoholic who almost ruined his talent saved not due to his own effort, but due to a woman, he is unable even to die in the way Hedda has determined, and his suicide looks ridiculous. Being finally cornered by the circumstances Hedda decides to commit suicide herself. either of her dreams are ruined, she is now convinced that nobody loves her, her dreams of freedom, luxury and passions appeared to be mirages. She is unable to dominate even in the situation she has herself created. Hedda realizes that she is not a romantic hero sandwich but a simple wife of an academic, she is imprisoned and powerless.Her possible motherhood can only aggravate her despair, for a child shall be born from a man she does not love, and childbirth will make her even more helpless and dependent. Thus suicide looks as a natural resort for her. on that point is an another strong social allusion in the play. Lovborg and Mrs. Elvsted use to label Loveborgs manuscript as a child, so burning a manuscript is a similar to child murder. When Hedda kills herself she kills her prospec tive children, as well as ruins her husbands reputation thus doing two things he is afraid of.She commits suicide out of escapist intents but it is also a revenge to her husband, Brack, relatives and the whole world where such hypocritical marriage is possible. Hedda Gabler caused an ambiguous reaction of the public ever since premiere. The responses differed from transaction it Ibsens greatest play and the most interesting woman that he has created to the devastating characteristic by George Bernard Show who emotionally observed What a marvel of unwiseness and nonsense the author did produce in this play It is incredible to think that only a score of years ago the audience sat hard before its precious dullness.American newspapers added oil to the flame of critique. The Philadelphian Ledger wrote after the American premiere What a hopeless specimen of degeneracy is Hedda Gabler A vicious, heartless, cowardly, unmoral, mischief-making vixen. Yet I would emphasize a characteristic that remains actual until now. It has been provided by Justin Huntly McCarthy who wrote of the he most interesting woman that he has created she is compact with all the vices, she is instinct with all the virtues of womanhood . The debate has not ceased over the years.Hedda became a favored character in the feminist movement, the play has been re-create in numerous interpretations, including even lesbian one. However such public interest is the best proof of the fact that Ibsen hit the nail. Hedda Gabler is a play about fatal marriage. It starts with return of Hedda from her wedding journey and ends with the beginning of her final journey. However, Ibsen managed to generalize his subject and make his play a story of woman place in the society. 19th century marriage did left little space for female existence in the world dominated by males.That what the play is actually about. The motif of domination is revealed throughout the play and it is not always possible to say who, except f or faulty customs dominates the situation. After all Tesman is unable to control even himself, and Hedda can not take the leading positions in the family due to social restrictions. Death is her protest. Perhaps it would not be too general to say that Ibsen wrote not only of physical death of his character but of a spiritual death of womanhood in the 19th century marriage. Works Cited 1. Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler. Digireads. com, 2005. 2. Coontz, Stephanie.Marriage, a explanation How Love Conquered Marriage. New York Penguin Books, 2006. 3. Templeton, Joan. Ibsens Women. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2001. 4. Eyre, Richard. Femme fatale. Richard Eyre would like to apologise to Ibsen for doubting the greatness of Hedda Gabler. The Guardian. 5 Mar. 2005. 21 April 2009 http//www. guardian. co. uk/stage/2005/mar/05/theatre 5. Sanders, Tracy. Lecture Notes Hedda Gabler Fiend or Heroine. Australian Catholic University, 2006. 21 April 2009 http//dlibrary. acu. edu. au/staffhome /trsanders/units/modern_drama/hedda_gabler. html

Sherwin williams Essay Example for Free

Sherwin williams EssayNo matter how you coat it, Sherwin-Williams is one of the largest paint manufacturers in the US and worldwide. Sherwin-Williams has rose to his level of success by excelling in the their strategic management process and Sherwin-Williams implements its strategy with its mission statement For over 140 years, manufacturers have trusted Sherwin-Williams for innovative coatings and exceptional function.And you can numeration on us for the expertise and the support you need to get better results, from start to finish. Also The Sherwin-Williams Company has established a vision statement and case commitment, which states We commit to seek out the expectations of our customers and to consistently meet and exceed those expectations through and through our service, products and attitudes. To achieve this vision Sherwin Williams will use a combination of innovation and commercializeplace development grand strategies to realize the long-term objectives of improving local market position, creating a high focus on customer satisfaction, attaining high employee morale, and increasing market share. The Sherwin-Williams Company is committed to the products finishing industry and strives to be a valuable supplier and resource for their customers.Sherwin Williams intends to overcome challenges and take advantage of all market opportunities through committing to the strategic implementation. This commitment starts right at the top and is expected throughout every level of management all the way down to the frontline sales force. strategic Managers have been utilizing a plan in supporting personnel in order to direct their efforts at specific markets and customers of a global scope.A conference of Strategic Account Managers dedicates their efforts towards total service of specific global accounts through close communication with customer facilities, their emphasis is coordinating sales and service activities. Currently, Sherwin-Williams emergence str ategy is to acquire Consorcio Comex, the second largest specialty paint store organization in the Western Hemisphere.The acquisition will expand the architectural paint billet in Americas and increase retail distribution in many markets where the store count is low. Sherwin-Williams is engaged and has invested incapital expenditures to increase manufacturing capacity, enhance productivity of its breathing facilities and expanded its store network. Management is continually re-evaluating the companys operating facilities, including acquired operating facilities, against its long-term strategic goals as the company continues within its growth strategy.Sherwin-Williams maintains its strategic control using an operational excellence program which is a methodology for pursuing continuous improvement. Utilizing this process for defining, measuring, analyzing, improving and controlling the business, manufacturing, and service facilities will uphold management be prepared to identify are as for improvement and implement necessary process or procedural changes. Management has a significant commitment in utilizing these control resources that will result in improvements in service and quality to our customers for years to come.From Sherwin-Williams expansive distribution and multiple manufacturing locations, to their experienced sales and technical service professionals they have excelled in implementing their strategic management and planning process by listening and responding to specific product, service and performance needs of their customers.Levy, Keith. Sherwin-Williams Is Painting a innovative Picture of Marketing. Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 08 Nov. 2011. Web. 27Apr. 2013. Sherwin-Williams. Investor Relations. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2013. Want to Learn More about Our History, Career Opportunities and Investor Relations? Sherwin-Williams. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2013.

An Observation Of Creative Childs Play Young People Essay

An Observation Of Creative churls Play Young People Essay mode of observationThe method of observation that I will be using is time sampling, the reason is that it allows me to point place m each important instruction in an exact time and it is useful because it gives a wider picture of the child.Type of observationThe type of observation is participant. I actually participated in the activities that the child A was act and I observed her at the same time too.Record of observation9.00 am Child (A) is sitting on the spirit level with her legs crossed and both of her munition crossed. The teacher t centenarian them that they can now go to take part in the resign scarper session. Child A quickly gets up stands and walks towards the creative table, where in that respect was a create activity set up. Next child A picks up a blue apron with her discipline hand. She put her right develop into the apron first then she put her left arm into the apron. She asks me to fasten her apr on from the back.9.15 am child A is still at the painting commonwealth, she picks up a small paint brush with her right hand. A then applies some blue pain on to a piece of A3 paper, after that she moves the paint brush towards the paper, A then dabbed the paint brush onto the paper two times.9.30 am within painting region, one of As friend comes closer to A and asks her to scam with her. Child A gets excited and they start to play. After a while A and her friend ask me what they can draw as I sit down on a chair at the end of the table. I suggest them that they can draw each other. Therefore, child (A) picks a bolshie paint and tries to draw her friend.9.45 am child A is at the move area by her self. She is drawing a picture of her dog with a chocolate-brown felt tip pen. She is making a rough circle with big ears and a long neck.10.00 am child A is at the sand area with her two friends. Shes trying to make a cake for her peers. While shes making a cake, I asked her slightly the recipe. sugar, chocolate and . she said. Therefore, I explained her that we need sugar, egg, flour and wet to start with. She pretends that she added the thing that she needs and then asked me if I could put it in the oven. So I did what she asked me.10.15 am child A is in the playground area with friends on the climbing frame. One girl is in front of her. She is waiting for her turn to down the slide.10.30 am child A is playing with another child. She is running, laughing and screaming.10.45 am child A is helping to tidy up the playground. Shes putting all the blocks in the box.11.00 am child A is in the writing area, she is drawing a big butterfly she is using different colour pencils and drawing at the centre of the paper.11.15 am child A is sitting on the floor (group-time) she is listening to music and taking part in dance activity. She is copying the action that the teacher does.11.30 am time to go home, child A is stand up on both feet, wearing her jacket, walks towar ds her mum and goes home.Mentors signature DateConclusionI have looked at Piagets theory to support my observation and by doing that I came to know that children are active learners. Available at . I believe this statement that children learn and explore when they are active.Jean Piaget also believed that children are actively involved in structuring their own cognitive development through exploration of their environment. Children need real objects and concrete experiences to discover things for themselves.According to (D3webdesignes.com,2007-2010)Children ages 3 years old are expected to relate present activities and past experiences and to draw a person with a head and also to sort objects into simple categories.By carrying out the observation on child A, I noticed that she co operates advantageously with other children of her age. According to Penny Tassoni, (2002) children aged 3-4 start to co-operate with each other and love playing together. Most of their play is pretend pla y. Therefore, this shows that she is at the right stage of her development. Her social and emotional are also at the right stage for her age.By looking at the observation, I noticed that her physical development is at the right stage too, as she can run, walk and use the slide without any help. Her intellectual skills are that she can draw pictures, write her name, and use different colours.Play is also plays an imperative role in childrens eruditeness. Play helps them in developing five areas, creative, physical, imaginative, manipulative and social. Wasserman (1992) explains five advantages of play. Firstly children will be able to produce something new, and they will be able to take risks. Therefore, play provides the sensible learning and improvement to the child. In plays learning environment, children will develop socially, emotionally, intellectually and physically.RecommendationI think that this observation needs to be carried out frequently in nursery because then teacher s and parents can realize how these kinds of activities promote childrens learning. Therefore, practitioners would be able to create a range of other activities to advance the childrens knowledge and understanding. For example the stage setting must provide children more range of drawing pencils and pens, and different texture of paper, in this case it would be (child A). This will encourage her to express her feelings as well as helping her in gaining more confidence in drawing and painting.Secondly I recommend that setting needs to provide children extra free time to play in order to explore the world around them and also they must ensure that equipments and all the materials are prepared for the children to come and play when ever they wish.Thirdly I recommend that practitioners and parents take their children out for walks and talk to them about nature, by this, the child would look around, and therefore they may ask questions about the world around them.What I learnt by doing this observation?By doing this observation I realized that child A is more likely to involve in creative activities with her peers. McMillan believed that having accessed to mainly most materials in play activities is important in childrens play as it helps them to develop as a whole person. Isaac also believes that play must encourage children to discover their inner feelings.By carrying out this observation I also learnt how to get involved in activities with children and how to encourage them to explore the colours. Child A expanded her creativity in this exercise as she practiced painting methods and mixing other products to make a cake. She also learned to go for opinions of the teacher assistant that she works with, she learned to appreciate adults experience and knowledge.By carrying out this observation Ive found out that child A is at the right developmental stage, however, each child develops at their own rate. Moreover, this observation improved my understanding on how c hildren play with the littlest amount of items and achieve so much information and knowledge from it. I also realized that she has very good hand to eye co-ordination which allows her to control her hand movements.

Factors Causing Changes to the Ecosystem | Experiment

Factors Causing Changes to the Eco constitution ExperimentMadison ChapmanPurpose/HypothesisThe purpose of this experiment was to better understand how an ecosystem changes over time by simulating the interaction between the aquatic, erratic and decaying parts of an ecosystem. Several variables of an aquatic house, terrestrial chamber, and decaying chamber were monitored to provide evidence for the changing of the ecosystems. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and turbidity, were some of the things measured and apply as evidence to prove that the ecosystem was undergoing change. Obvious aesthetic changes were also noticeable, these were observed and recorded as changes inwardly the environment. Without a complete and complex food chain, and with the scummy size of the ecosystem, it was not likely that the ecosystem would remain stable for a extended period of time. The lack of a food chain will not bring home the bacon for larger organisms such as the tip and beetle to remain alive for a long time. The chambers should undergo similar changes that a normal ecosystem would.MethodsThe setup for the experiment was begun on September 9, 2013. Two liter soda bottles were used as the chambers for each environment type. The bottles were cleaned, splay to appropriate size, and taped together. Openings were cut into both the terrestrial and aquatic environment to totallyow access for testing. The top chamber was the decomposition environment. Two rotting banana peels, decaying leaves, and were added to the decomposition column, the top column. Rocks, soil, grass, moss, sticks, trinity earthworms, and one beetle were inserted into the middle, terrestrial chamber. A long stick was inserted through the decomposition chamber, into the terrestrial chamber to connect the devil chambers. The bottom aquatic chamber was filled with local lake water and some aquatic plants. At the beginning of November the dissolved oxygen levels in the water were high and had stabiliz ed, so a fish was added to the chamber. Upon each sampling return several(prenominal) variables were measured in the aquatic and terrestrial chambers. In the aquatic chamber turbidity, burnish, Nitrate, Dissolved Oxygen, alkalinity, pH, and temperature were measured and recorded. In the terrestrial chamber Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, and pH levels were measured and recorded. Also during each sampling event visual observations were made and recorded for both chambers. The sampling events were biweekly for most of the experiment. throughout the experiment there were six sampling events these were on September 9, October 1, October 8, October 22, November 5, and December 3. The experiment lasted a total of 75 days, with the last sampling event on December 3, 2013.ResultsTable 1The ecosystem appeared to be stable until around the third sampling event. The ecosystem was growing and stabilizing. In the aquatic chamber dissolved oxygen was soft increasing as well as alkalinity. In the terrestrial chamber potassium increased from an adequate level to a sufficient one. On October 22 the nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous levels in the soil declined significantly from the last sampling event. There were also small fluctuations visible in the aquatic variables we tested. The dramatic depletion of almost all variables observed on the November 5th sampling event was foreshadowed by the turning of the water from clear to yellow. This showed the first signs of changes within the environment. On the November 5th sampling event the water in the aquatic chamber was green, the dissolved oxygen and alkalinity levels dropped considerably. Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous levels were all depleted in the soil. Figure 1With the exception of alkalinity most of the aquatic variables that were measured and recorded stay remotely constant. Turbidity did increase steadily toward the end of the experiment and the dissolved oxygen levels decreased. This was shown by the gree n water color that was observed. dealionANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. NUMBER EACH QUESTION. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO RETYPE THE QUESTIONSIdentify two Food Chains or Food Webs in each of your habitats (chambers). Use arrows to illustrate these food chains and food webs complete sentences are not required. Use extra paper if needed.Aquatic Chamber vector decomposition Chamber (top soil chamber)Terrestrial ChamberIdentify and briefly discuss the biogeochemical cycles which are pickings place/which are present in your EcoColumns. Do not merely state that they are all present instead, provide more specific information.water cyclenitrogen cyclecarbon cyclephosphorous cycleIs your ecosystem column a closed or open system? or is it something in between a closed or open system? Explain how this (closed, open or other) influences the ecosystem column overall.The ecosystem is closed with the exception of when things were added such as the fish or rain water. There are no outback(a) forces workin g on the ecosystem, such as wind.What kind of niches are available/present for the various organisms in the column? Be specific, descriptive, and use terminology that is clever to the topic.The larger organism could hold the role of predator and prey on the smaller organisms. Most of the smaller organisms and the earthworms held the roles of decomposers.Discuss evidence of ecological succession taking place in your column (or in the column of another lab group if you have not observed any signs of succession in your column). one(a) group whose ecocolumn water turned completely black in the first few weeks of testing experienced succession. Eventually the water cleared and the oxygen levels rose.Discuss the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem columns in the lab, including your own.The ecocolumns appeared to show moderate stability throughout the experiment, however, once in deviations in a variable occurred the ecocolumn seemed to change rapidly. The ecocolumns were sustai nable until around two to three weeks before the experiment ended.Discuss three trends or patterns which stand out as you think back on the data which you have been arrangement for 6 weeks. These trends or patterns should apply to the water quality tests or other observations which you have made over this multi-week time period. Briefly discuss these three trends or patterns, providing possible explanations based on environmental science principles.Fluctuation in dissolved oxygen tend to be a precursor to fluctuation in other things. Water color was a good indicator of dissolved oxygen levels. Turbidity and dissolved oxygen are inversely linked.Explain what eutrophication refers to and how this occurs. drill this explanation to your ecosystem column. How might eutrophication take place in your column? Explain fully.Eutrophication is the excessive increase in nutrients that baffles an overgrowth in aquatic plant life, the plants pass so dense it causes death in organisms and a lo ss of oxygen. If a large amount of nutrients drains from the soil of the terrestrial chamber into the aquatic chamber, then eutrophication whitethorn occur.Pick another group in your class. How do your data compare to theirs? Brainstorm some causes/reasons for any differences.The group in front of us has several sources of error such as bad lake water, and lack of precision during sampling events.Finally, address any sources of error in this lab. This should be narrated in a cause and effect manner and talk about specific problems. A good example would be water did not drain from the terrestrial chamber so while a bad example would be we messed up the measuring one day.There was not an adequate amount of rainwater added to the environment as we were not in control of when the ecosystem was watered. The ecosystem was not completely closed because of the holes that had to be cut into the ecosystem for testing purposes, this allowed for unknown outside organisms to enter the environme nt.Conclusion (.5 page)Write a brief summary paragraph as your conclusion. Address what did you learned that you did not know prior to the experiment? What were the most important purposes of the project and why?The ecocolumn remained fairly stable and function for the first few weeks of the experiment. Not until three weeks before the experiment was concluded were fluctuations in the tested variables observable. Eventually due mostly to the small size of the ecosystem and the incomplete food chain within it, the ecosystem broke down and the levels of nutrients began to greatly decline, as well as the dissolved oxygen levels within the aquatic chamber. Prior to this experiment I had never seen eutrophication in person. The opportunity to observe and further study eutrophication will overhaul me later. The most important finding of this experiment was that different parts of an ecosystem (aquatic, terrestrial, decomposing) are all linked together. The variables in each part can ea sily influence variables in another part.References (on a separate page)You must use at least three (3) sources in your report. Cite them using the correct parenthetical or footnote format as indicated by the APA style guide that was handed out in class. If you do not know how to format the parenthetical citations or the bibliography, please see Mrs. Houston for help before the paper is dueTSA Program. (2013, May 23).Eutrophication. Retrieved from http//toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/eutrophication.htmlRitter, M. E. (2009, October 1). Biochemical cycles. Retrieved from http//www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/earth_system/biogeochemical_cycles.htmlBritannica, E. (2007, April 6). Niches. Retrieved from http//www.britannica.com/topic/414016/historyEco-column Grading Sheet

Analysing The Compatibility Of Islam And Democracy Politics Essay

Analysing The Compatibility Of Islam And Democracy Politics EssayThis chapter presents the arguments for and against the compatibility of Islam and offer, non to Muslim call downs specific ally per se provided more to Muslim-majority states as a whole. By doing so, it encompasses the wide range of arguments that scholars have made on the issue and shows clearly what coifs it possible for Islam and commonwealth to be compatible and what does not. Taking these arguments into consideration, this chapter then puts it into context for Moslem states and analyzes if it is possible for them to be democratic without essentially loosing what makes it an Muslim state.The coitionship between Islam and democracy, its compatibility and the issue of the democratic famine in the Muslim humans is one that has been put in the spotlight especially after the catastrophe and repercussions of September 11 (Hasan 2007 10) as well as the sustained potency of Muslim revivalism and the rise in invo lvement of Muslim movements in electoral political relation (Esposito Piscatori 1991 428). Although not all hope is lost for the Muslim world as in that location be Muslim-majority states much(prenominal) as Indonesia and Turkey that are recognized as democracies, there is still the problem of the non-existence of democratic Islamic states and that the majority of the Muslim world re primary(prenominal)s undemocratic.The relationship that Islam and democracy have in the contemporary world and modern-day politics is one that is rather intricate (Esposito Voll 2001). There are many perspectives regarding the coexistence of Islam and democracy. On the one hand, many prominent Islamic intellectuals and groups argue that Islam and democracy are compatible (Esposito Voll 2001). On the some other hand, there are others who see the democratization of Islam as a threat, that it may promote an even more virulent anti-Westernism view or others who see the two as inherently antithetica l due to the different beliefs that the two promote (Espositio Piscatori 1991 428). Esposito and Voll present the idea that the Muslim world is not ideological monolithic and therefore presents a broad spectrum of perspectives ranging from the extremes of those who deny a connection between Islam and democracy to those who argue that Islam requires a democratic system (2001). In addition to this, they argue that there are perspectives that lie in between the two extremes that consist of Muslims in Muslim-majority states who believe that Islam is a support for democracy despite the fact that their political system and plaque is not overtly recognized as democratic (Esposito Voll 2001).Having laid out the range of different opinions and stances on the compatibility of Islam and democracy, it is important to note that this chapter volition not allocate with e real single argument present in the ongoing debate of the relationship between Islam and democracy but rather focus on the main substantial points. Khan, in his book Islamic Democratic Discourse, identifies two main schools of thought of Islamic political theory. First there are the political Islamists who encourage the establishment of an Islamic state, an authoritarian and ideological entity whose central concepts are al-Hakimiyyah (the sovereignty of God) and Sharia (the law of God) (Khan 2006 160). The minute of arc school of thought is that of resistant Muslims who advocate an Islamic democracy whose central themes are Shura (consultation) and Sahifat al Madinah (Constitutionalism a la the Compact of Medina) (Khan 2006 160). It is signifi pilet to note that political Islamists do conceive the concept of Shura as a vital component of their Islamic state, but for them consultative governance is not necessary for legitimacy, since legitimacy comes from the enforcement of the Sharia, regardless of the will of the people (Khan 2006 160). For liberal Muslim scholars, on the other hand, Shura is a para mount and Sharia too must be arrived at through consultative processes and not taken as given (Khan 2006 160).Therefore, it roll in the hay be seen that political Islamists, according to Khan, do not see the need for democracy as the legitimacy democracy is meant to give to a states governance and politics is done through the implementation of the Sharia laws. El Fadl argues that for democracy to work inside the framework of Islam and its ideals, it must understand the centrality of Gods sovereignty in Islam and cannot eliminate the fixings of the Sharia laws as a whole but rather show how it respects and compliments it. However, El Fadls argument is not feasible as it is not possible to enforce Sharia without taking into consideration the will of the people because that already is considered undemocratic. Khan argues that the only way El Fadls Islamic state can be democratic is if the authority of those who interpret the Sharia are dismantled and interpreted by the people themsel ves (2006 161). This in turn may jeopardize the graphic symbol of Islamic democracy within the state but according to Khan, it is a risk that should be taken for the sake of implementing democracy (2006 161).Moving on to the second school of thought, liberal Muslims, who believe in an Islamic democracy centred on the ideals of Shura and the Constitution of Medina. Esposito and Picastori argue that Muslim interpretations of democracy build on the well-established concept of Shura (consultation), but place varying emphases on the extent to which the people are able to exercise this duty (1991 434). They identify a perspective that claims that it is not only the public opinion of consultation that makes Islam intrinsically democratic, but it is besides due to the concepts of ijthihad ( self-governing reasoning) and ijma (consensus) (Esposito Picastori 1991 434). The Constitution of Medina establishes the importance of consent and cooperation for governance and according to this com pact Muslims and non-Muslims are equal citizens of the Islamic state, with self very(prenominal)(a) rights and duties (Khan 2001). Khan argues that according to this constitution, which was the interpretation of the al-Quran by Prophet Muhammad, the principles of equality, consensual governance and pluralism are integrated into the Islamic state (2001). He then goes on to point out the difference between Muhammads democratic and tolerant Islamic state to contemporary Muslims such as the Taliban, who interpret the Quran in a completely different and radical way (Khan 2001).Choudry backs up the liberal Muslim perspective by asserting that the fundamentals of democracy are present in Islam Islam recognizes popular sovereignty, government is based on rule of law, political leaders are elected and accountable to the people and equality of citizens is ensure in the Quran itself (Choudry in Ehteshami 2004 96). But if this were the case in all Muslim-majority countries, why are there so f ew democracies in the Muslim world? The answer is simple. victimization Khans argument regarding the interpretation of the Quran, it can be argued that the compatibility of Islam and democracy depends on the interpretation of Islamic spiritual scriptures of the Quran by Muslims themselves. Khan argues along identical lines stating that all arguments that advocate Islamic democracies or the compatibility of Islam and democracy take the Quran as a revealed document, whose text is absolute but meanings are open to interpretations (2006 158). This is a very important piece of information as it highlights the fact that when the Quran is interpreted differently by different Muslims it would result in different understandings of what the Quran encompasses. This would rationalize why not all Muslim-majority states, Islamic states in particular, are similar in the extent to which Sharia law is implemented in aspects of governance, economics and terrestrial life.Additionally, Khan uses the theologian perspective to back up liberal Muslim scholars as theologians go to Islamic roots and identify and exemplify those elements that correspond to liberal democratic principles (2006 158) thus specifically looking for democratic ideals present in Islam. In his book, The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism, theologian Sachedina relies solely on Quranic sources and eschewing other socially constructed discourses, how Islam strongly advocates pluralism (Khan 2006 158). However, just because Islam promotes pluralism, does not instantly make it democratic. Liberal Muslims and theologians make the mistake of being complacent with the fact that just one or two aspects of democracy are found in Islam, namely Shura and aspects of pluralism, hence automatically making Islam and democracy compatible. If this were the case, democracy would be more prevalent in the Muslim world.Maududi uses the theologian perspective when studying Islam as he also argues that whatever aspect of the Isl amic ideology one may like to study, he must, first of all, go to the roots and look at the fundamental principles (1977 119-120) emphasizing the importance of having to study Islam from the inside out and not just take it at face value. However, Maududi takes a step further than theologians and coins the idea of a theo-democracy, the mixture of theocracy and democracy in Islamic states (1977 133). According to theo-democracy, God is equally sovereign as the people represented by an elected assembly that is controlled by religious leaders (Maududi in Lane Redissi 2004 171). Nevertheless, this concept of theo-democracy, as argued by Lane and Redissi, does not fulfil the essential requirement of democracy as the legitimacy of the Mullahs is not derived from the people but from their insight into the Quran (2004 171). Maududi himself points out that a democratic Islamic state would be a fallacy as the sovereignty of God and sovereignty of the people are mutually exclusive and that an Islamic democracy would be the antithesis of secular Western democracy (Maududi in Bukay 2007). The issue of sovereignty of God and the people is what distinguishes Islam and democracy. The two are completely different sets of ideals that cannot be combined together as only one can take precedence over the other, and when this is done, a country either is a democracy or an Islamic state. exit back to the concept of Shura, many scholars use this concept to show that Islam has similar values to those of democracy. Shura can be defined as the obligation for Muslims in managing their political affairs to engage in mutual consultation (Esposito Voll 2001). Lane and Redissi argue that the effort to find the missing link between Islam and modern democracy is focus upon the possibility of finding a link between the concept of consultation Shura and the key institutions of modern democracy the vote and the participation of the people in relation to the religious elite including the cal iph (2004 170). Ahmad uses the Islamist perspective to argue that the Quran allows Muslims to use Shura and the opportunity of Gods vicegerency to select a Muslim ruler based on the throw overboard will of the Muslim masses (2002) pointing out the democratic aspects of the Quran when it comes to choosing a ruler. However, it seems that despite the fact that Shura is the so-called democratic component of Islam, majority of the Muslim world are not democratic thus proving that it is easy to correlate the two (Shura and democracy) as similar entities in theory but in practice, it is not equal to ensure a democratic Muslim-majority state, let alone an Islamic state. As Khan puts it a democratic theory cannot just emerge by itself from a part of a verse (2006 158).Apart from Khans two main schools of thought, there is another perspective where in which scholars believe that Islam and democracy are intrinsically incompatible. Sivan suggests that Islam has very piddling to offer in the realm of politics as after Muhammads death, political history was shaped by circumstances Islamic law had little to no say on constitutional themes (Sivan in Ehteshami 2004 96). According to Sivan, Sharia does not stand a chance of being the superior law of the set down when democracy is implemented thus implying that Islamic fundamentals of politics and democracy cannot coexist without one being more superior to the other thus find out whether a state is either Islamic or democratic, they cannot be both. Furthermore, Maududis argument supports that of Sivans as he claims that an Islamic democracy would be the antithesis of secular Western democracy (Maududi in Bukay 2007).Despite the fact that numerous Muslim activists have rejected the concept of democracy as a western import designed to lay Islam and the Sharia, there are Muslim and non-Muslim scholars alike that strongly argue that there is no contradiction between Islam and democracy (Ehteshami 2004 94). Ehteshami claims t hat Muslim teachings and practices of collective debate, consensus, accountability and transparency, if followed properly, will produce Muslim versions of democratic rule (2004 94). Nevertheless, he argues that if Islam and democracy were to be seen as two different systems, one of the main differences between an Islamic state and a democracy is the sphere of sovereignty, where in a democratic society sovereignty lies with the people, and in an Islamic state it resides in God (2004 94). Ahmad argues along the same lines as Ehteshami but uses the Islamist approach claiming that a fundamental difference between the Western and Islamist concept of democracy the sovereignty of the people vs. the sovereignty of God or the Shariah (2002). That being said, it is not possible to remove the sovereignty of God and the Sharia and move them to the sidelines of politics within an Islamic state with democracy at the top, because when that happens, an Islamic state is no longer an Islamic state fo r the reason that the core essence of it has been removed and replaced. When put in this context, it is not feasible for an Islamic state to be democratic.Bukay brings up an interesting argument in relation to the compatibility of Islam and democracy. He claims that some Western scholars maintain the Islamist argument that not only are parliamentary democracy and representative elections congruent with Sharia, but that Islam actually encourages democracy (Bukay 2007). Bukay identifies two ways in which these scholars maintain the above claims either they twist definitions to make them exit the apparatuses of Islamic government terms such as democracy become relative or they bend the reality in Muslim countries to fit their theories (2007). He points out the phrases used by Esposito and his different co-authors such as democracy has many and varied meanings every culture will mold an independent model of democratic government and there can develop a religious democracy (Bukay 2007 ) proving his above statement true.Having exhausted all the prominent arguments in the general sphere of democracy and Muslim-majority countries, this chapter will now put these arguments into the context of Islamic states specifically. The arguments of political Islamists is one of the few realistic argument that keeps what essentially makes Islamic states Islamic as it does not disregard Sharia as unimportant or unnecessary when it comes to the governance of a Muslim country. Rather it argues the point that for democracy to work within an Islamic state, it is the responsibility of democracy to show that it encompasses Islamic ideals rather than the other way around. The liberal Muslim school of thought is also useful in finding the possibility of Islamic states being democratic as they argue from the point of view that the interpretation of the Quran is what is essential. However, no matter how evident it is in theory that there are possibilities of Islamic states becoming democra tic, there is no denying that in practice, not a single Islamic state exists.The non-existence of democratic Islamic states raises a number of important questions Why are there no democratic Islamic states? Why is it possible for Indonesia and Turkey to be democratic but not Pakistan, Iran or Bahrain? Is Islam the sole, main reason why there are no democratic Islamic states? These questions will be answered in the next two chapters as the next chapter focus primarily on specific case studies of Islamic states, namely Pakistan, Iran, Yemen and Bahrain, where as the fourth chapter deals with democratic and semi-democratic Muslim-majority states, such as Indonesia, Turkey, Malaysia and Bangladesh.

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